先缩放图像，然后用iText打开缩放后的图像。

ImageDataFactory中有一个create方法可以接受AWT图像。首先使用AWT工具缩放图像，然后像这样打开它：

String imagePath = "C:\\path\\to\\image.jpg";
java.awt.Image awtImage = ImageIO.read(new File(imagePath));

// scale image here
int scaledWidth = awtImage.getWidth(null) / 2;
int scaledHeight = awtImage.getHeight(null) / 2;
BufferedImage scaledAwtImage = new BufferedImage(scaledWidth, scaledHeight, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = scaledAwtImage.createGraphics();
g.drawImage(awtImage, 0, 0, scaledWidth, scaledHeight, null); 
g.dispose();

/* 
Optionally pick a color to replace with transparency.
Any pixels that match this color will be replaced by tansparency.
*/
Color bgColor = Color.WHITE;

Image itextImage = new Image(ImageDataFactory.create(scaledAwtImage, bgColor));

有关如何缩放图像的更好提示，请参阅如何使用Java调整图像大小？

如果添加到PDF时仍然需要原始大小，只需再次缩放即可。

itextImage.scale(2f, 2f);

注意：此代码未经测试。

针对赏金评论进行编辑

你让我思考和寻找。似乎iText将导入AWT图像视为原始图像。我认为它将其视为BMP，它只是使用 /FlateDecode写入像素数据，这可能明显低于最佳状态。我能想到的实现您要求的唯一方法是使用ImageIO将缩放图像写入文件系统或ByteArrayOutputStream作为jpeg，然后使用生成的文件/字节使用iText打开。

这是一个使用字节数组的更新示例。如果您想对压缩级别等有更多的了解，请参阅此处。

String imagePath = "C:\\path\\to\\image.jpg";
java.awt.Image awtImage = ImageIO.read(new File(imagePath));

// scale image here
int scaledWidth = awtImage.getWidth(null) / 2;
int scaledHeight = awtImage.getHeight(null) / 2;
BufferedImage scaledAwtImage = new BufferedImage(scaledWidth, scaledHeight, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = scaledAwtImage.createGraphics();
g.drawImage(awtImage, 0, 0, scaledWidth, scaledHeight, null); 
g.dispose();

ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
ImageIO.write(scaledAwtImage, "jpeg", bout);
byte[] imageBytes = bout.toByteArray();

Image itextImage = new Image(ImageDataFactory.create(imageBytes));

有一种方法，在这个文档中列出，它给你访问压缩图像和减少存储在磁盘上的整个PDF文件。希望它有帮助。

下面是代码示例：

/*
 * This example was written by Bruno Lowagie in answer to the following question:
 * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30483622/compressing-images-in-existing-pdfs-makes-the-resulting-pdf-file-bigger-lowagie
 */
package sandbox.images;

import com.itextpdf.text.DocumentException;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PRStream;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfName;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfNumber;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfObject;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfReader;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.PdfStamper;
import com.itextpdf.text.pdf.parser.PdfImageObject;

import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import sandbox.WrapToTest;

/**
 * @author Bruno Lowagie (iText Software)
 */
@WrapToTest
public class ReduceSize {

    public static final String SRC = "resources/pdfs/single_image.pdf";
    public static final String DEST = "results/images/single_image_reduced.pdf";
    public static final float FACTOR = 0.5f;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws DocumentException, IOException {
        File file = new File(DEST);
        file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
        new ReduceSize().manipulatePdf(SRC, DEST);
    }
    public void manipulatePdf(String src, String dest) throws DocumentException, IOException {
        PdfReader reader = new PdfReader(src);
        int n = reader.getXrefSize();
        PdfObject object;
        PRStream stream;
        // Look for image and manipulate image stream
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            object = reader.getPdfObject(i);
            if (object == null || !object.isStream())
                continue;
            stream = (PRStream)object;
            if (!PdfName.IMAGE.equals(stream.getAsName(PdfName.SUBTYPE)))
                continue;
            if (!PdfName.DCTDECODE.equals(stream.getAsName(PdfName.FILTER)))
                continue;
            PdfImageObject image = new PdfImageObject(stream);
            BufferedImage bi = image.getBufferedImage();
            if (bi == null)
                continue;
            int width = (int)(bi.getWidth() * FACTOR);
            int height = (int)(bi.getHeight() * FACTOR);
            if (width <= 0 || height <= 0)
                continue;
            BufferedImage img = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
            AffineTransform at = AffineTransform.getScaleInstance(FACTOR, FACTOR);
            Graphics2D g = img.createGraphics();
            g.drawRenderedImage(bi, at);
            ByteArrayOutputStream imgBytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            ImageIO.write(img, "JPG", imgBytes);
            stream.clear();
            stream.setData(imgBytes.toByteArray(), false, PRStream.NO_COMPRESSION);
            stream.put(PdfName.TYPE, PdfName.XOBJECT);
            stream.put(PdfName.SUBTYPE, PdfName.IMAGE);
            stream.put(PdfName.FILTER, PdfName.DCTDECODE);
            stream.put(PdfName.WIDTH, new PdfNumber(width));
            stream.put(PdfName.HEIGHT, new PdfNumber(height));
            stream.put(PdfName.BITSPERCOMPONENT, new PdfNumber(8));
            stream.put(PdfName.COLORSPACE, PdfName.DEVICERGB);
        }
        reader.removeUnusedObjects();
        // Save altered PDF
        PdfStamper stamper = new PdfStamper(reader, new FileOutputStream(dest));
        stamper.setFullCompression();
        stamper.close();
        reader.close();
    }
}